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Bioreactors and fermenters are vessels or tanks in which raw materials are converted into biochemical products through the activity of living cells, microorganisms, or cellular components such as enzymes under controlled conditions. Common types of bioreactors include stirred-tank bioreactor (consist of a vessel with an agitator to mix the contents and provide oxygen to the cells or microbes), airlift bioreactor (use aeration to circulate the liquid medium and provide oxygen to the cells or microbes), fixed-bed bioreactor (consist of solid catalyst particles being loaded and packed into the bed), and some other types of bioreactors special for unique bioprocess applications.