Data Structure and Algorithms in Java

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"Data Structures and Algorithms in Java" is an essential topic for mastering efficient coding and problem-solving skills. Here’s an overview of the key concepts and structures you might encounter:
Basic Data Structures

1. Arrays
   • Fixed-size, contiguous memory.
   • Fast access but expensive resizing.
2. Linked Lists
   • Singly Linked List, Doubly Linked List, Circular Linked List.
   • Dynamic size, efficient insertions/deletions.
3. Stacks
   • Last In, First Out (LIFO).
   • Useful for recursive algorithms, undo mechanisms.
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4. Queues
   • First In, First Out (FIFO).
   • Useful for scheduling, breadth-first search.
5. Hash Tables
   • Key-value pairs, fast lookups.
   • Handling collisions via chaining or open addressing.

Advanced Data Structures

1. Trees
   • Binary Tree, Binary Search Tree (BST), AVL Tree, Red-Black Tree.
   • Hierarchical structure, efficient search/insert/delete.
2. Heaps
   • Binary Heap, Min-Heap, Max-Heap.
   • Priority Queue implementation, efficient maximum/minimum retrieval.
3. Graphs
   • Representations: Adjacency Matrix, Adjacency List.
   • Types: Directed, Undirected, Weighted, Unweighted.
   • Algorithms: DFS, BFS, Dijkstra's, Kruskal's, Prim's.
4. Tries
   • Prefix trees, efficient for string manipulations.

Key Algorithms

1. Sorting Algorithms
   • Bubble Sort, Selection Sort, Insertion Sort.
   • Merge Sort, Quick Sort, Heap Sort.
   • Time complexities, use cases.
2. Searching Algorithms
   • Linear Search, Binary Search.
   • Depth-First Search (DFS), Breadth-First Search (BFS).
3. Dynamic Programming
   • Overlapping subproblems, optimal substructure.
   • Memoization, Tabulation.
4. Greedy Algorithms
   • Local optimum leads to global optimum.
   • Examples: Huffman Coding, Kruskal's Algorithm.
5. Divide and Conquer
   • Divide problem into subproblems, solve recursively, combine solutions.
   • Examples: Merge Sort, Quick Sort.
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Implementing in Java

• Utilize Java Collections Framework for dynamic data structures (ArrayList, LinkedList, HashMap, etc.).
• Create custom implementations for understanding underlying mechanics.
• Use built-in algorithms from java.util.Collections.

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